7.1. QC, Quantify and Combine Samples for NGS

In this step, the yield of products from the Index Primer PCR Reaction—the Amplified Indexed Libraries of transcripts from each sample—are analyzed (adjusted if necessary), measured, and then pooled in equimolar amounts for sequencing.

QC and Quantify Amplified Indexed Libraries

1. Analyze the Amplified Indexed Libraries using one of the following methods:

• Standard Method: Separate 5 μl of Amplified Indexed Libraries on a 3% agarose-TAE gel and analyze the size distribution of NGS probes by UV transilluminator. To minimize the sample number, you could run only one sample from each triplicate set. See below for the expected results of amplified libraries generated from good-quality whole blood RNA samples. For AIR TCR-BCR assay, the smear with several bright bands should be in the 220-420 bp range.

• Alternative Method: Analyze 1 µl of each of the Amplified Indexed Libraries on either an Agilent Bioanalyzer with the Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit (Cat.# 5067-4626) or Fragment Analyzer using the High Sensitivity NGS Analysis Kit (Cat.# DNF-473-1000) using the manufacturer’s protocol.

*Note: In some cases, excess PCR primers compromise resolution and complicate data analysis with the BioAnalyzer or Fragment Analyzer systems. For such cases, we recommend running a conventional gel to look at the samples.

2. Analyze yields of the Amplified Indexed Libraries. The yield should be roughly the same for all experimental samples within +/- 2-3-fold levels and similar to the Positive Control RNA sample. Negative control sample should not generate any significant yield of amplified products. If some samples show a significantly lower yield of amplification products, it could indicate differences in the amount, quality of RNA, or content of TCR/BCR mRNAs used in AIR assay. For the experimental RNA samples with a significantly lower yield of PCR product (e.g., >5-10-fold) than other samples or positive control RNA, you can re-run the lower yield samples in the thermal cycler for 2-5 additional cycles (see Note below). After cycling, quantify the products again relative to the Positive Control RNA. Note: Do not include the Positive Control RNA sample in additional cycles. Remove the positive control sample from the plate and keep it as a reference to assess the number of your PCR samples.

*Note: We recommend adjusting the cycle number for each sample separately. Adjustments for small differences in the yield between samples will be made when the samples are combined for the sequencing step following this quantification procedure.

Remove Excess PCR Primers and Combine Samples

1. Remove excess primers from the completed PCR reactions by adding 1 µl of Primer Removal Enzyme to each of the Amplified Indexed Libraries and the Negative Control sample, then incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes.

2. To ensure accurate quantification for sequencing, you should repeat the quantification procedure of the Amplified Indexed Libraries and the Positive Control RNA. The preferred method is to analyze 2 µl of each of the Amplified Indexed Libraries using either an Agilent Bioanalyzer with the Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit (Cat.# 5067-4626) or Fragment Analyzer using the High Sensitivity NGS Analysis Kit (Cat.# DNF-473-1000) using the manufacturer’s protocol. Quantifying the PCR products after removing PCR primers is more accurate than quantifying before the primer removal clean-up step.

3. After primer removal and quantification, use the yield assessment of the Amplified Indexed Libraries as a basis to combine equimolar amounts of each of the Amplified Index Libraries into a single pool for NGS. For example, if the yield of Library 1 is twice that of Library 2, then mix 5 µl of Library 1 with 10 µl of Library 2. To minimize sample-to-sample sequencing variations, combine and load all experimental samples onto one flow cell.

For the DriverMap AIR Assay, which generates a complex pool of amplified TCR/BCR CDR regions (100K-200K from 50 ng of total whole blood, PBMC RNA), refer to the table below for guidelines on how many samples may be combined for different instruments and read depths. Generally, you should aim for 5-10 million reads per AIR sample (starting from 50 ng of PBMC RNA) or at least 20 reads per UMI. For Illumina instruments, AIR profiling assays require 300-n paired-end reagent kits.

Instrument	Reads per flow cell	Number of samples for multiplexing per flow cell	Reads per AIR sample
NextSeq 500/550	120 million (medium throughput)	12-20	6-10M reads/sample
NextSeq 500/550	400 million (high throughput)	40-72	6-10M reads/sample
NextSeq 2000	1200 million (P3 flow cell)	96	10M reads/sample
NovaSeq Series	6000 million (S2)	500	10M reads/sample

!Stopping Point in procedure: PCR products may be stored at 4°C overnight or at -20°C for a few days.

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